Indlu yesikhongozeli sokuthumela luhlobo olulodwa lwekhaya olusebenzisa izikhongozeli ezipakishiweyo zokuxhasa ulwakhiwo.Oku kunciphisa uhlobo loyilo olunokwenziwa.Kodwa uninzi lwezindlu zeenqanawa zokuthumela ziye zaba ziipropathi ezinobunewunewu ezinoluhlu lwezinto ezinje ngophahla lwendlu kunye namachibi okuqubha.Ngelixa ezi zindlu zibiza kakhulu, zibonelela ngenani leenzuzo.
Ubudlelwane beNeutra kwingqondo yanamhlanje
Enye yezona zinto zinomdla kakhulu zomsebenzi weNeutra lubudlelwane bakhe neengqondo zanamhlanje.U-Neutra wayengumhlobo osondeleyo wonyana omkhulu kaSigmund Freud, ombono wakhe wokungazi nto wawunempembelelo kuye.UFreud wayeyijonga ingqondo yengqondo njengento eguqukayo, esebenzisanayo kwaye ekholelwa ukuba ukungabi nangqondo kukhupha amandla engqondo kwihlabathi langaphandle ngokuqikelela.Oku kuqonda kwindlela ingqondo esebenza ngayo kwaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesenzo seNeutra kamva.
Umyili wezakhiwo wayekholelwa ukuba izindlu zichaphazela ingqondo yabahlali bazo, kwaye iindawo ezininzi zokuhlala zakhe zabucala kuNxweme oluseNtshona zaphenjelelwa yithiyori.Le nkcazo-bungcali yayithetha ukuba ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwekhaya kufuneka kuvisisane, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abahlali bazive bezolile kwaye bonwabile.
KuBomi kunye neNdawo yokuHlala yaBantu, i-Neutra yachaza imigaqo ye-biorealism kwaye yaphuhlisa ngakumbi ingcamango ngoyilo lweendawo zokuhlala.Ikhaya liyindawo esondeleleneyo kwaye umyili wafuna ukwenza amakhaya anokubumba umzimba nengqondo.Ekubeni indawo eyakhiweyo iqulethe ungquzulwano olukhulu olubonakalayo kunye nongquzulwano, bekubalulekile ukuyila ikhaya elinoyilo olunokubumba ezi mpendulo.
Nangona ungumntu onempembelelo enkulu kwizakhiwo, ubudlelwane be-Neutra kwingqondo yengqondo yanamhlanje bebuhlala bujongelwa phantsi.Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba wayenobudlelwane obunzima kunye nomfazi wakhe.Akunakwenzeka ukuba umfazi wakhe abe ngumhlobo wakhe, njengoko wayetshatile naye.
Ukuthambekela kukaNeutra kwisiseko senzululwazi kuye kwabangela ukuba abanye babuze ukuba ingaba umsebenzi wakhe unokususwa kwisithethe se-phenomenological.Ngelixa i-Modernist ye-canonical, ithiyori yakhe ibeka iimpawu ezintle zolwakhiwo kukubaluleka kwesibini.Ngenxa yoko, ubudlelwane bakhe kunye neengqondo zanamhlanje kunzima ukudibanisa kunye nezakhiwo.
Iindleko zekhaya lesikhongozeli
Xa usakha ikhaya lebhokisi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ixabiso linokwahluka kakhulu.Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinokunyusa okanye zinciphise ixabiso, kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ulindele okusengqiqweni.Inkqubo yokwakha inokwenziwa ngohlahlo lwabiwo-mali yaye inokugqityezelwa kwisithuba seeveki, kungekhona iinyanga.
Ungaqala ngokufumanisa ukuba yimalini na uhlobo oluthile lwenkonkxa yekhaya oluya kuxabisa ngayo ngonyawo lwesikwere.Oku kuya kukunceda uqonde inani lendawo oyidingayo kwikhaya lakho elitsha.Uya kuba nakho ukumisela inani lamagumbi okulala kunye noyilo oludingayo.Nje ukuba unombono wokuba ikhaya lakho elitsha liza kubiza malini ngonyawo lwesikwere, ungaqala ukukhangela izikhongozeli ezihlangabezana nemilinganiselo oyibekileyo.
Ikhaya lesikhongozeli senqanawa lukhetho olukhulu ukuba ufuna ukwakha ikhaya langoku kunye notyalo-mali oluncinci.Ungathenga imodeli elula yeshumi ukuya kumashumi amabini anesihlanu amawaka eedola, kwaye isiko elibonisa zonke izibonelelo zekhaya lemveli lingaxabisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-70k yeedola.
Iindleko zendlu yesikhongozeli zixhomekeke kubungakanani bayo, uyilo, kunye nenqanaba lokugqiba.Uninzi lwezindlu zeekhonteyina ziziimitha ezingama-20 okanye ezingama-40 ubude, kodwa unokufumana isikhongozeli seenyawo ezingama-40 ngexabiso elincinane elingange-$4,000.Ezinye izikhongozeli zinokwenziwa ngokwezifiso ukongeza unyawo lwegumbi lentloko kwindawo eyongezelelweyo.
Nje ukuba uqikelele iinkcukacha zekhaya lakho, kuya kufuneka uqhagamshelane nomakhi wekhaya lokuhambisa isikhongozeli kwaye uqale ukuthethathethana ngexabiso.Kuxhomekeka kuyilo, ubungakanani kunye noyilo lweyunithi yakho, unokulindela ukuchitha phakathi kweshumi elinamashumi amahlanu amawaka eedola kwiyunithi ye-bachelor enezinto ezisisiseko.Unokukhetha kwakhona iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunxiba zangaphandle.Unokukhetha kwakhona kwinani leenketho zokugqitywa kwangaphakathi, ezifana nomgangatho kunye neefestile.
Ukhuseleko lwekhaya lebhokisi
Ukuba uyazibuza malunga nokhuseleko lwendlu yesikhongozeli, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba izikhongozeli zokuthumela zomelele kakhulu.Ziyilelwe ukumelana nemimoya ukuya kuthi ga kwi-180 yeemayile ngeyure, kwaye ezininzi zikwakhiwe ukumelana neenkanyamba.Olunye uncedo lwezindlu zeekhonteyina kukuba azikwazi ukumelana nomhlwa.Izikhongozeli zentsimbi ziyakwazi ukugqwala kwimozulu embi kakhulu, kodwa izikhongozeli ezine-siding ezongezelelweyo ziyaxhathisa.
Enye inkxalabo enkulu malunga nezindlu zeenqanawa zokuthumela kumngcipheko womlilo.Nangona izitya zokuthutha zigxininiswe kwiziseko zekhonkrithi, izitya zokuthutha ziqulethe iindidi ezininzi zeekhemikhali ezinokubangela umonakalo kwindlu.Le michiza isetyenziselwa ukunyanga imigangatho yeenkuni ngaphakathi kwezikhongozeli, kunye nokuyikhusela ekuvezweni kumanzi anetyuwa.Ukongezelela, zisetyenziselwa inkqubo yokupenda, kwaye ukuba ichithekile okanye ifakwe, ingaba yingozi.
Amakhaya eekhonteyina nawo ayasebenza eco-friendly.Ezinye zakhiwa ngezikhongozeli zokuphinda zisetyenziswe, ngelixa ezinye zakhiwe ngezitsha.Amakhaya emigqomo anokwakhiwa kwiintlobo ezininzi zeziseko, kubandakanywa iiperimitha zekhonkrithi ezigalelweyo kunye namacwecwe apheleleyo ekhonkrithi.Emva kokulinganisa umhlaba, izitya zokuthumela zifakwe kwisiseko.
Ngelixa iziqulathi zokuthumela zingenabungqina ngokupheleleyo bentlekele, zinokuxhotyiswa ngophahla olungeyonyani kunye ne-insulation ukuze zikhululeke ngakumbi.Ngokufakela okufanelekileyo, izikhongozeli zokuthumela zinokusetyenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala yethutyana.Ngaphezu koko, izikhongozeli zokuthumela zinokungcwatywa nzulu emhlabeni kwaye zibotshelelwe phantsi ngokukhuselekileyo.Oku kunokongeza indawo eyongezelelweyo kwikhaya lakho ngelixa uphucula ukhuseleko lwakho.
Xa ujonge indlela encinci kunye ne-eco-friendly yokuhlala kwindawo yasedolophini, isikhongozeli senqanawa ekhaya sinokuba yimpendulo kuwe.La makhaya enziwe kwizikhongozelo zokuthumela ezisetyenzisiweyo kwakhona kwaye anokuba sisisombululo esiluhlaza kunye neendleko ezifanelekileyo.Ukuba bhetyebhetye kothutho lwesikhongozeli yenye inzuzo enkulu.
Ukulungiswa ngokutsha kwezikhongozeli ezingasetyenziswanga
Isitokhwe esikhula ngokukhawuleza semigqomo yokuthumela ngenqanawa engasetyenziswanga sinika abaqulunqi bezakhiwo abacinga kwangaphambili kunye nabayili amathuba amatsha okuphinda kusetyenziswe izikhongozeli ukuba zisetyenziswe kwindawo yokuhlala.Ngelixa ukuguqula iikhonteyina zokuthumela ezindlini akuyonto intsha, indlela yamva nje yokwakha izindlu zeekhonteyina zale mihla yenza ukuba kube lula kubantu abaninzi ukuba babe namakhaya afikelelekayo, anobungani nokusingqongileyo.
Izikhongozeli zokuthumela eziphinde zalungiswa ziguquguquka, zomelele, kwaye zinexabiso eliphantsi.Ziyakwazi ukumelana nomhlwa, umlilo, kunye nezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo, nto leyo ezenza ukuba zibe lukhetho oluhambelana nokusingqongileyo kusetyenziso lweendawo zokuhlala kunye nezoshishino.Ezi zindlu zifuna ukulungiswa okusisiseko kuphela, kuquka ukucocwa ngamaxesha athile kunye nokuhlolwa kwerusi.
Ngenxa yokuba izikhongozeli zokuthumela zingabizi kakhulu, izikhongozeli eziphinda zisetyenziswe zinokuba yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo kunezixhobo zokwakha eziqhelekileyo.La makhaya anokuthuthwa ngokulula ngaphandle kwesidingo seziseko ezibanzi kwaye kulula ukufuduswa ukuba kuyimfuneko.Ngomzamo omncinci kunye noncedo lweenkonzo zokuthutha zendawo, amakhaya eenqanawa zokuthutha anokufuduswa ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye ngaphandle kobunzima obukhulu.Ngapha koko, amakhaya eenqanawa zokuthumela anokuthi anikwe amandla ngamapaneli elanga okanye ibhotile yegesi ephathwayo.Ngaloo ndlela, abahlali banokuphila ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngamandla kunye namazinga amanzi.
Olunye uncedo olukhulu lwezikhongozeli zokuthumela ngenqanawa kukukwazi kwazo ukurisayikilishwa.Olunye uphononongo olwenziwe yiCambridge University Press luchaze ukuba kusetyenziswa iikhonteyina ezizibhiliyoni ezi-3 ngonyaka.Ubomi obuqhelekileyo bezi zikhongozeli bumalunga neminyaka eyi-12.Ezi zikhongozeli azingomthombo oxabisekileyo wendalo esingqongileyo kuphela, kodwa zikwayenye indlela egqwesileyo kwizinto zokwakha eziqhelekileyo ezifana nezitena, isamente, namaplanga.
Uzinzo lwezindlu zeekhonteyina
Ukuthandwa kwezindlu zeenqanawa zokuthumela kukhule kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje.Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi bayathandabuza ukuzinza kwala makhaya.Ngapha koko, la makhaya ayilona khetho lizinzileyo, kodwa aneengenelo ezininzi, ezibandakanya ukonga imali kunye nokujongana nokusingqongileyo.Izikhongozelo zokuthumela ngenqanawa ngokwazo zayilwa ngo-1956, kwaye zazenzelwe ukuthutha iimpahla ukuwela iilwandlekazi.Nangona kunjalo, ngeminyaka yoo-1960, uPhilip Clark wafaka ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza lokuguqula izikhongozelo zokuthumela ngenqanawa zibe zizakhiwo ezinokuhlalwa.
Isingxobo sokuthumela ekhaya sidinga malunga ne-400 kWh yamandla ukwakha.Oku kungaphantsi kakhulu kwamandla asetyenziswa sisakhiwo esitsha esiqhelekileyo.Ukongezelela, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe imigqomo yeenqanawa kunciphisa ubungakanani bezinto ezitsha ezifunekayo kumsebenzi wokwakha.Kwakhona kunciphisa inkunkuma.Xa kuthelekiswa nendlu yemveli, ikhaya lekhonteyina lithatha ukuya kuthi ga kumashumi asixhenxe eepesenti ngaphantsi kwamandla.
Usetyenziso lwamandla lwekhaya lesikhongozeli lunokuncitshiswa ngokugquma iindonga zesikhongozeli kunye nemigangatho.Oku kunokuthoba umthamo wamandla afunekayo ukufudumeza okanye ukupholisa ikhaya.Ukongeza, okukhona ikhaya lincinci, amandla amancinci athathwayo ukufudumeza kunye nokupholisa.Ngaphezu koko, ikhaya lesikhongozeli esincinci lifuna amanzi amancinci kunye namandla kunesiqhelo.
Ukongeza ekunciphiseni ubungakanani bezinto ezintsha zokwakha, amakhaya eenqanawa zokuthumela nawo anceda ukugcina izixhobo zentsimbi ukwenzela izizukulwana ezizayo.Oku kubenza babe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwabo banenkxalabo malunga nokusingqongileyo.Oku kunenzuzo ngakumbi xa kukho utshintsho lwemozulu, esele ingumba omkhulu.Amakhaya eekhonteyina ezithunyelwa ngenqanawa nawo anokunciphisa umthwalo wokusingqongileyo ngokunciphisa umthamo wenkunkuma yokwakha.Ngaphaya koko, amakhaya eenqanawa zokuthumela afuna amandla amancinci kunamakhaya aqhelekileyo, ezenza ukuba zilunge ngakumbi kwi-eco.
Ulwakhiwo lwezikhongozeli zokuthumela luyinketho ezinzileyo, kwaye yindlela entle yokujongana nokunqongophala kwezindlu.Ikhaya lesikhongozeli senqanawa linokwakhiwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye lingabizi kakhulu.Izikhongozeli zokuthumela ngokwazo ziza ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiimitha ezilishumi ubunzulu ukuya kwiimitha ezintathu ubunzulu.